RecruitingPhase 4Drug trialIntrathecal Morphine for Analgesia in Video-assisted and Robotic-assisted Thoracic SurgeryVATS/RATS is widely used for diagnosis and treatment of intrathoracic conditions. Despite many benefits, postoperative pain continues to be intense after VATS/RATS. The optimal strategy for pain management has not been defined. In this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical investigation, investigators hypothesize that 5 mcg/kg intrathecal morphine will decrease postoperative analgesic consumption and reduce pain.